European pond turtle

European pond turtle

Shell

• plastron
• carapace - The outer shell layer was formed from the horny layer of the skin. During the course of evolution, the inner layer has developed as a result of the modification of the bones.

Skeleton

• procoracoid - It is a bone of the shoulder girdle. It is found in reptiles, birds and tailless amphibians. In mammals, there is no equivalent (homologous) bone.
• pelvis
• spinal column - The extensions of the vertebrae are part of the carapace structure.
• rib - It is part of the carapace structure.
• scapula - It is part of the plastron structure.
• coracoid - It is a bone of the shoulder girdle. It is found in reptiles, birds and tailless amphibians. In mammals, there is no equivalent (homologuous) bone. (In humans, the extension of the scapula is called the coracoid process. However, the name does not indicate a common origin.)

Withdrawal

Homology of human and turtle limbs

• human arm
• turtle forelimb
• scapula
• humerus
• bones of the lower arm - The radius is on the thumb side of the wrist and the ulna is on the little finger side.
• carpals
• metacarpals
• finger bones

Animation

• plastron
• carapace - The outer shell layer was formed from the horny layer of the skin. During the course of evolution, the inner layer has developed as a result of the modification of the bones.
• spinal column - The extensions of the vertebrae are part of the carapace structure.
• rib - It is part of the carapace structure.
• human arm
• turtle forelimb
• scapula
• humerus
• bones of the lower arm - The radius is on the thumb side of the wrist and the ulna is on the little finger side.
• carpals
• metacarpals
• finger bones
• human leg
• hind limb
• pelvis
• femur
• bones of the lower leg - The bones of the lower leg are the tibia and the fibula.
• tarsal bones
• metatarsal bones
• finger bones